1. Charging



Charging is an operation in which the external circuit supplies power to the battery to make the chemical reaction take place in the battery, thus converting electric energy into chemical energy and storing it.



During charging, the positive and negative poles of the battery are connected with the positive and negative poles of the DC power supply respectively. When the terminal voltage of the charging power supply is higher than the electromotive force of the battery, under the action of the electric field, the current flows from the positive pole of the battery to the negative pole. This process is called charging. The battery charging process is the process of converting electrical energy into chemical energy.



During charging, the PbSO4 on the positive and negative plates is reduced to PbO2 and Pb, and the H2SO4 in the electrolyte keeps increasing, and the density of the electrolyte keeps rising. When the charging is close to the end, PbSO has been basically reduced to Pb. The excess charging current will electrolyze water, making 02 generated near the positive plate escape from the electrolyte, and H2 generated near the negative plate escape from the electrolyte, and the height of the electrolyte level will decrease. Therefore, lead-acid batteries need to be regularly added with distilled water.



The sign of sufficient battery power is:



(1) There are a lot of bubbles in the electrolyte, which are boiling;



(2) The relative density of the electrolyte and the terminal voltage of the battery rise to the specified value and remain unchanged within 2-3 hours.



2. Discharge



Discharge is the process of the battery outputting electric energy to the external circuit under specified conditions. After the lead-acid battery is connected to the load, under the action of electromotive force, the current of the battery maintenance instrument will flow from the positive pole of the battery to the negative pole of the battery through the electrical equipment of the external circuit. This process is called discharge. The discharge process of the battery is the process of converting chemical energy into electrical energy. During discharge, PbO2 on the positive plate and Pb on the negative plate react with H2SO4 in the electrolyte to form lead sulfate (PbSO4), which is deposited on the positive and negative plates.



During this process, the H2S0 in the electrolyte keeps decreasing and the density of the electrolyte keeps decreasing.



In theory, the discharge process can be carried out until the active material on the electrode plate is exhausted. However, due to the generated PbSO4 deposited on the surface of the electrode plate, which prevents the electrolyte from penetrating into the inner layer of the active material, the inner layer of the active material cannot participate in the reaction due to the lack of electrolyte, so the utilization rate of the active material of the battery is only 20% - 30% when the battery is discharged in use. Therefore, the thin electrode plate is used to increase the porosity of the electrode plate, It can improve the utilization rate of active substances and increase the capacity of battery.



The characteristics of the end of battery discharge are:



(1) The single cell battery voltage drops to the discharge termination voltage;



(2) The relative density of electrolyte is reduced to the minimum allowable value.



The discharge termination voltage is related to the discharge current. The larger the discharge current, the shorter the allowable discharge time and the lower the discharge termination voltage.



3. Overcharge



Overcharging is to continue charging the fully charged battery or battery pack.



4. Self-discharge



Self-discharge means that the energy of the battery enters the external circuit without discharging, resulting in certain energy loss.



5. Active substances



The substances that produce electric energy by chemical reaction when the battery is discharged, or the substances that store electric energy at the positive and negative electrodes.



6. Discharge depth



The discharge depth refers to the extent to which the battery stops discharging during use.



7. Plate vulcanization



When using lead-acid batteries, special attention should be paid to timely charge the batteries after discharge. If the batteries are in semi-discharge or under-charged or overcharged for a long time, or charged and discharged for a long time, PbSO, crystals will be formed. This large crystal is difficult to dissolve and cannot restore its original state, which makes it difficult to charge the plate after vulcanization.



8. Capacity



Capacity is the current output charge under the specified discharge conditions, and its unit is usually expressed in ampere-hours (A * h).



9. Relative density



Relative density refers to the density ratio of electrolyte and water, which is used to test the strength of electrolyte. Relative density is related to temperature change. The relative density of the battery electrolyte filled at 25 ℃ is 1.265. The relative density of sealed battery cannot be measured. The density of pure acid solution is 1.835g/cm ³， Reduce to 1.120g/cm after complete discharge ³。 After the electrolyte is injected into the water, the hi density can be accurately measured only after the water is completely fused with the electrolyte. The melting process takes about hours or days, but the time can be shortened by charging. The electrolyte density of each battery is different. Even for the same battery in different seasons, the electrolyte density will be different. The electrolyte density of most lead-acid batteries is 1.1-1.3g/cm ³ Within the range, it is generally 1.23 - 1.3g/cm after full charge ³



10. Operating temperature



The battery will feel hot after being used for a period of time, because the lead-acid battery has a strong heat. When the operating temperature exceeds 25 ℃, the service life of the lead-acid battery will be reduced by 50% for every 10 ℃ increase, so the maximum operating temperature of the battery should be lower than that of the outside world, and it is best when the temperature change exceeds 15 ℃.

1.充电

充电是外电路给蓄电池供电，使电池内发生化学反应，从而把电能转化为化学能储存起来的操作。

充电时，蓄电池的正、负极分别与直流电源的正、负极相连，当充电电源的端电压高于蓄电池的电动势时，在电场的作用下，电流从蓄电池的正极流人、负极流出，这一过程称为充电。蓄电池充电过程是将电能转换为化学能的过程。

充电时，正、负极板上的PbSO4还原为PbO2和Pb，电解液中的H2SO4不断增多，电解液密度不断上升。当充电接近终了时，PbSO,已基本还原成Pb。过剩的充电电流将电解水，使正极板附近产生02从电解液中逸出，负极板附近产生H2从电解液中逸出，电解液液面高度降低。因此，铅酸蓄电池需要定期加蒸馏水。

蓄电池充足电的标志是:

(1) 电解液中有大量气泡冒出，呈沸腾状态;

(2) 电解液的相对密度和蓄电池的端电压上升到规定值，且在2一3h内保持不变。

2.放电

放电是在规定的条件下，电池向外电路输出电能的过程。当铅酸蓄电池接上负载后，在电动势的作用下，蓄电池维护仪电流就会从蓄电池的正极经外电路的用电设备流向蓄电池的负极，这一过程称为放电，蓄电池的放电过程是将化学能转化为电能的过程。放电时，正极板上的PbO2和负极板上的Pb都与电解液中的H2SO4反应生成硫酸铅(PbSO4)，沉附在正、负极板上。

在这个过程中，电解液中的H2S0,不断减少，电解液密度不断下降。

理论上，放电过程可以进行到极板上的活性物质被耗尽为止，但由于生成的PbSO4沉附于极板表面，阻碍电解液向活性物质内层渗透，使得内层活性物质因缺少电解液而不能参加反应，因此在使用中放完电时蓄电池活性物质的利用率也只有20%~30%.因此，采用薄型极板，增加极板的多孔性，可以提高活性物质的利用率，增大蓄电池的容量。

蓄电池放电终了的特征是:

(1) 单格电池电压降到放电终止电压;

(2) 电解液相对密度降到最小许可值。

放电终止电压与放电电流的大小有关，放电电流越大，允许的放电时问就越短，放电终止电压也越低。

3.过充电

过充电是对完全充电的蓄电池或蓄电池组继续充电。

4.自放电

自放电是电池的能量没有通过放电就进人外电路，造成一定能量的损失。

5.活性物质

在电池放电时发生化学反应从而产生电能的物质，或者说是正极和负极储存电能的物质的统称。

6.放电深度

放电深度是指蓄电池使用过程中放电到什么程度才停止放电。

7.板极硫化

在使用铅酸蓄电池时要特别注意的是:电池放电后要及时充电，如果长时间处于半放电或充电不足甚至过充的情况，或长时间充电和放电都会形成PbSO,晶体。这种大块晶体很难溶解，无法恢复原来的状态，导致板极硫化后充电就会变得困难。

8.容量

容量是在规定的放电条件下电流输出的电荷，其单位常用安时(A*h)表示。

9.相对密度

相对密度是指电解液与水的密度比值，用来检验电解液的强度。相对密度与温度变化有关。25℃时充满的电池电解液相对密度值为1.265。密封式电池，相对密度值无法测量。纯酸溶液的密度为1.835g/cm³，完全放电后降至1.120g/cm³。电解液注人水后，只有待水完全融合电解液后才能准确测hi密度，融人过程大约需要数小时或者数天，但是可以通过充电来缩短时间。每个电池的电解液密度均不相同，即使是同一个电池在不同的季节，电解液的密度也会不一样。大部分铅酸蓄电池的电解液密度在1.1一1.3g/cm³范围内，充满电之后一般为1.23一1.3g/cm³

10.运行温度

电池在使用一段时间后，会感觉烫手，这是因为铅酸蓄电池具有很强的发热性。当运行温度超过25℃，每升高10℃，铅酸电池的使用寿命就减少50%，所以电池的最高运行温度应比外界低，在温度变化超过15℃的情况下最好。

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本文由韩国SEBANG蓄电池（大陆地区）营销中心于2023-03-04 12:52:31 整理发布。
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